{"id":24647,"date":"2021-03-09T15:20:03","date_gmt":"2021-03-09T14:20:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/polonorama.com\/?p=24647"},"modified":"2021-03-09T15:29:19","modified_gmt":"2021-03-09T14:29:19","slug":"maria-sklontofska-kioyri-mia-synarpastiki-gynaika","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/polonorama.com\/el\/maria-sklontofska-kioyri-mia-synarpastiki-gynaika\/","title":{"rendered":"\u039c\u03b1\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03a3\u03ba\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03cc\u03c6\u03c3\u03ba\u03b1 \u039a\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03af, \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c1\u03c0\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03af\u03ba\u03b1"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"wpb-content-wrapper\"><div id=\"tdi_1\" class=\"tdc-row\"><div class=\"vc_row tdi_2  wpb_row td-pb-row\" >\n<style scoped>\n\/* custom css - generated by TagDiv Composer *\/\n\n\/* custom css - generated by TagDiv Composer *\/\n.tdi_2,\r\n                .tdi_2 .tdc-columns{\r\n                    min-height: 0;\r\n                }.tdi_2,\r\n\t\t\t\t.tdi_2 .tdc-columns{\r\n\t\t\t\t    display: block;\r\n\t\t\t\t}.tdi_2 .tdc-columns{\r\n\t\t\t\t    width: 100%;\r\n\t\t\t\t}.tdi_2:before,\r\n\t\t\t\t.tdi_2:after{\r\n\t\t\t\t    display: table;\r\n\t\t\t\t}\n<\/style><div class=\"vc_column tdi_4  wpb_column vc_column_container tdc-column td-pb-span12\">\n<style scoped>\n\/* custom css - generated by TagDiv Composer *\/\n\n\/* custom css - generated by TagDiv Composer *\/\n.tdi_4{\r\n                    vertical-align: baseline;\r\n                }.tdi_4 > .wpb_wrapper,\r\n\t\t\t\t.tdi_4 > .wpb_wrapper > .tdc-elements{\r\n\t\t\t\t    display: block;\r\n\t\t\t\t}.tdi_4 > .wpb_wrapper > .tdc-elements{\r\n\t\t\t\t    width: 100%;\r\n\t\t\t\t}.tdi_4 > .wpb_wrapper > .vc_row_inner{\r\n\t\t\t\t    width: auto;\r\n\t\t\t\t}.tdi_4 > .wpb_wrapper{\r\n\t\t\t\t    width: auto;\r\n\t\t\t\t    height: auto;\r\n\t\t\t\t}\n<\/style><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\" >[vc_column_text]\u0397 \u039c\u03b1\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u039a\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03af, \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03af \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf\u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03bc\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5. \u0393\u03b5\u03bd\u03bd\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u0392\u03b1\u03c1\u03c3\u03bf\u03b2\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03a0\u03bf\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf 1867, \u03c5\u03c0\u03ae\u03c1\u03be\u03b5 \u03b7 \u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b7 \u03b3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03af\u03ba\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2, \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c6\u03ae\u03bc\u03b7 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03c8\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03a1\u03b1\u03b4\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 (Ra). \u0395\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03ad\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03ae\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03ac\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03c9\u03c0\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03b2\u03c1\u03b1\u03b2\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u039d\u03cc\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03bb \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03a6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf 1903 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03a7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf 1911.<\/p>\n<p>\u0397 \u039c\u03b1\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03a3\u03ba\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03cc\u03c6\u03c3\u03ba\u03b1 \u039a\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03af (Maria Sk\u0142odowska-Curie), \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03bd\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 7 \u039d\u03bf\u03b5\u00b5\u03b2\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 1867, \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u0392\u03b1\u03c1\u03c3\u03bf\u03b2\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03ad\u00b5\u03c0\u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b1\u03af\u03bf \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4\u03af \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03ac\u03bb\u03b1\u03c2 \u039c\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03b1 \u039c\u03c0\u03bf\u03b3\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03ba\u03b1 (Bronis\u0142awa Boguska) \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03b3\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae \u00b5\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u00b5\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u0392\u03bb\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2 \u03a3\u03ba\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03cc\u03c6\u03c3\u03ba\u03b9 (W\u0142adyslaw Sk\u0142odowski). \u0391\u03c0\u03cc \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03ae \u03ae\u03b4\u03b7 \u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b5 \u03be\u03b5\u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03ba\u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u00b5\u03bd\u03ae\u00b5\u03b7, \u03bc\u03ac\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b7\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03af\u03b1 16 \u03b5\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd \u00b5\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03ba\u03bb\u03ae\u03c1\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03b4\u03ce\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03b2\u03ac\u03b8\u00b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b5\u03ba\u03c0\u03b1\u03af\u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7, \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd\u03b5\u00b5\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03ad\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b4\u03cc\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c1\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03bb\u03cd\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf. \u039a\u03b1\u03b8\u03ce\u03c2 \u03bf \u03c0\u03b1\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ad\u03c7\u03b1\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03c9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b5\u03bd\u03b4\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd, \u03b7 \u039c\u03b1\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03ba\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c8\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03ac\u03bb\u03b1, \u03b5\u03bd\u03ce \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bb\u03b1, \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5 \u00b5\u03b1\u03b8\u03ae\u00b5\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u00b5\u03bf \u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03cd\u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf \u03b5\u03b8\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u00b5\u03b9\u03bf, \u03c4\u03bf \u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03cc\u00b5\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u201c\u03b9\u03c0\u03c4\u03ac\u00b5\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u00b5\u03b9\u03bf\u201d (Uniwersytet Lataj\u0105cy), \u03c4\u03bf \u00b5\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf \u03b1\u03bd\u03ce\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf \u03af\u03b4\u03c1\u03c5\u00b5\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c7\u03ce\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b5\u03c7\u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03af\u03ba\u03b5\u03c2.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-24648\" src=\"https:\/\/polonorama.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/sklodowska-2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"512\" srcset=\"https:\/\/polonorama.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/sklodowska-2.jpg 800w, https:\/\/polonorama.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/sklodowska-2-300x192.jpg 300w, https:\/\/polonorama.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/sklodowska-2-768x492.jpg 768w, https:\/\/polonorama.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/sklodowska-2-696x445.jpg 696w, https:\/\/polonorama.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/sklodowska-2-656x420.jpg 656w, https:\/\/polonorama.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/sklodowska-2-750x480.jpg 750w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u03a4\u03bf 1891 \u03c0\u03ae\u03b3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03a0\u03b1\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03b4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03a3\u03bf\u03c1\u03b2\u03cc\u03bd\u03bd\u03b7. \u0395\u03ba\u03b5\u03af \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03b8\u03b7\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bb\u03ad\u03be\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03a0\u03c9\u03bb \u0391\u03c0\u03ad\u03bb (Paul Appel), \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0393\u03ba\u03b1\u00b5\u03c0\u03c1\u03b9\u03ad\u03bb \u039b\u03b9\u03c0\u00b5\u03ac\u03bd (Gabriel Lippmann) \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0388\u03bd\u03c4\u00b5\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4 \u039c\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c4\u03cd (Edmond Bouty) \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b5 \u03ae\u03b4\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03c9\u00b5\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03bf \u0396\u03b1\u03bd \u03a0\u03b5\u03c1\u03ad\u03bd (Jean Perrin), \u03bf \u03a3\u03b1\u03c1\u03bb \u039c\u03c9\u03c1\u03b1\u03af\u03bd (Charles Maurain), \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf \u0391\u03b9\u00b5\u03ad \u039a\u03bf\u03c4\u03cc\u03bd (Aim\u00e9 Cotton). \u03a3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03c9\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7 \u03b2\u03b1\u03b8\u00b5\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03be\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03c4\u03c5\u03c7\u03af\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u00b5\u03b5\u03c2 1893, \u03b5\u03bd\u03ce \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03be\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03c4\u03c5\u03c7\u03af\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u00b5\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u00b5\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf 1894 \u03ae\u03c1\u03b8\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b5\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7. \u03a4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03be\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ac\u03c2 \u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03a0\u03b9\u03b5\u03c1 \u039a\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03af (Pierre Curie) \u00b5\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf 1895. \u03a3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 12 \u03a3\u03b5\u03c0\u03c4\u03b5\u03bc\u03b2\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 1897 \u03b1\u03c0\u03ad\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03cc\u03c1\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u0395\u03b9\u03c1\u03ae\u03bd\u03b7, \u03b5\u03bd\u03ce \u03b7 \u039c\u03b1\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03ad\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd 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\u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd, \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03bd\u03ad\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03ae\u03bc\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-24649\" src=\"https:\/\/polonorama.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/sklodowska-3.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"460\" srcset=\"https:\/\/polonorama.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/sklodowska-3.jpg 800w, https:\/\/polonorama.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/sklodowska-3-300x173.jpg 300w, https:\/\/polonorama.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/sklodowska-3-768x442.jpg 768w, https:\/\/polonorama.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/sklodowska-3-696x400.jpg 696w, https:\/\/polonorama.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/sklodowska-3-730x420.jpg 730w, https:\/\/polonorama.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/sklodowska-3-750x431.jpg 750w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u03a3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b7 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u0391&#8217; \u03a0\u03b1\u03b3\u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf \u03a0\u03cc\u03bb\u03b5\u03bc\u03bf, \u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03c6\u03bf\u03b4\u03af\u03b1\u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ad\u03be\u03bf\u03b4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b5\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03bd\u03bf\u03c3\u03bf\u03ba\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03af\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03a7, \u03ad\u03c4\u03c3\u03b9 \u03ce\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b8\u03c1\u03b1\u03cd\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03af\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c1\u03c6\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c9\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd. \u03a5\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1, \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03b2\u03c1\u03b1\u03b2\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u039d\u03bf\u03bc\u03c0\u03ad\u03bb, \u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 250 \u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b1\u03bb\u03ac\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b5\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03bc\u03ad\u03c4\u03c9\u03c0\u03b1.<\/p>\n<p>\u039f \u03a0\u03b9\u03ad\u03c1 \u039a\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03af \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03b7\u03c1\u03cd\u03c7\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03b3\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03a3\u03bf\u03c1\u03b2\u03cc\u03bd\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf 1904, \u03cc\u03bc\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03ce\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03ad. \u03a4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf 1900 \u03ad\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u0393\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03cd\u03b7, \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03bd \u03b3\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b4\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03ae \u03b8\u03b1 \u03ad\u03bb\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b2\u03b9\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03b2\u03bb\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1, \u03cc\u03bc\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03ad\u03c0\u03c1\u03b5\u03c0\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03b3\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c8\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2. \u039f\u03b9 \u039a\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03af \u03b1\u03c1\u03bd\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd. \u0397 \u039c\u03b1\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03b3\u03ae\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1 \u03a6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03a3\u03c7\u03bf\u03bb\u03ae \u0398\u03b7\u03bb\u03ad\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03a3\u03b5\u03b2\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd.<\/p>\n<p>\u03a3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 25 \u0399\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 1903 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03a3\u03bf\u03c1\u03b2\u03cc\u03bd\u03bd\u03b7 \u03b7 \u039a\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03af \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03af\u03c4\u03bb\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03ac\u03ba\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03a6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u0395\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03ce\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b2\u03b1\u03b8\u03bc\u03cc \u0386\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1.<\/p>\n<p>\u03a3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 10 \u0394\u03b5\u03ba\u03ad\u03bc\u03b2\u03c1\u03b7 1903, \u03b7 \u0391\u03ba\u03b1\u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03af\u03b1 \u0395\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03ce\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03a3\u03c4\u03bf\u03ba\u03c7\u03cc\u03bb\u03bc\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03af\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03b5 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b2\u03c1\u03b1\u03b2\u03b5\u03af\u03bf \u039d\u03cc\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03bb \u03a6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd\u03ad\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf \u03ae\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u0391\u03bd\u03c1\u03af \u039c\u03c0\u03b5\u03ba\u03b5\u03c1\u03ad\u03bb \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf \u03ae\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03b6\u03b5\u03cd\u03b3\u03bf\u03c2 \u039a\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03af, \u03bf\u03b9 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03bc\u03c0\u03cc\u03c1\u03b5\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03c1\u03b5\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c4\u03ae.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_24650\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-24650\" style=\"width: 800px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24650\" src=\"https:\/\/polonorama.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/sklodowska-4.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"567\" srcset=\"https:\/\/polonorama.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/sklodowska-4.jpg 800w, https:\/\/polonorama.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/sklodowska-4-300x213.jpg 300w, https:\/\/polonorama.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/sklodowska-4-768x544.jpg 768w, https:\/\/polonorama.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/sklodowska-4-100x70.jpg 100w, https:\/\/polonorama.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/sklodowska-4-696x493.jpg 696w, https:\/\/polonorama.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/sklodowska-4-593x420.jpg 593w, https:\/\/polonorama.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/sklodowska-4-120x86.jpg 120w, https:\/\/polonorama.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/sklodowska-4-750x532.jpg 750w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-24650\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u0397 \u039c\u03b1\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u039a\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03af \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c8\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u0392\u03c1\u03c5\u03be\u03ad\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03c2, \u03c4\u03bf 1911. \u0395\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf \u0391\u03ca\u03bd\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03b9\u03bd<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>\u03a4\u03bf 1912 \u03b7 \u039c\u03b1\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u039a\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03af \u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b5\u03c6\u03c1\u03ac. \u0391\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf 1933 \u03b7 \u03c5\u03b3\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b5 \u03ba\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03af \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03c9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ad\u03ba\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1. \u0388\u03c4\u03c3\u03b9, \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 4 \u0399\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 1934 \u03b7 \u039c\u03b1\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u039a\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03af \u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03b2\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b5 (\u03ad\u03c0\u03b1\u03c3\u03c7\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c7\u03b1\u03b9\u03bc\u03af\u03b1), \u03b1\u03c6\u03ae\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03c9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03ac\u03bb\u03bf \u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf. \u0395\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03b9\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03b4\u03af\u03c0\u03bb\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bc\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03a3\u03bf. \u03a4\u03bf 1995 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03a0\u03ac\u03bd\u03b8\u03b5\u03bf\u03bd, \u03c4\u03bf \u03bc\u03b1\u03c5\u03c3\u03c9\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf \u03b2\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b8\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u00ab\u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03ac\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9 \u03ac\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2\u00bb \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0393\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03af\u03b1\u03c2.<\/p>\n<p><em>\u03a0\u03b7\u03b3\u03ae: wikipedia.org, uni-flensburg.de, iefimerida.gr<\/em>[\/vc_column_text]<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"[vc_column_text]\u0397 \u039c\u03b1\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u039a\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03af, \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03af \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf\u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03bc\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5. \u0393\u03b5\u03bd\u03bd\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u0392\u03b1\u03c1\u03c3\u03bf\u03b2\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03a0\u03bf\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf 1867, \u03c5\u03c0\u03ae\u03c1\u03be\u03b5 \u03b7 \u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b7 \u03b3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03af\u03ba\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2, \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c6\u03ae\u03bc\u03b7 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03c8\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03a1\u03b1\u03b4\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 (Ra). \u0395\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03ad\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03ae\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03ac\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03c9\u03c0\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03b2\u03c1\u03b1\u03b2\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 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